Sympathetic Nervous System Essay - remarkable
They are considered the first-line for treating hypertension. There are three main types of diuretics, which are thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, and loop diuretics. Thiazides act by inhibiting the absorption of sodium chloride in the distal convoluted tubule, loop diuretics work by selectively inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium chloride by acting on the sodium-potassium-chloride symporter in the loop of Henle, and potassium-sparing diuretics act on the collecting tubules to decrease reabsorption of sodium Aronow, They promote vasodilation, which prevents the narrowing of the blood vessels. Additionally, AC inhibitors also increase bradykinins and prostaglandins, which promotes reduction of blood pressure Aronow, ARBs ARBs work by blocking angiotensin II from binding to its respective receptor, which, in turn, prevents it from promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention. The receptors are found on the muscles surrounding the blood vessels. The effect of ARBs in blocking angiotensin II promotes vasodilation, which in turn reduces the pressure of the blood. The effect of ARBs also reduces the effort the heart has to put in pumping the blood Aronow, Sympathetic Nervous System EssayRefuse: Sympathetic Nervous System Essay
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Autonomic Nervous System: Crash Course A\u0026P #13
Advanced Search Sympathetic nervous system development depends upon many factors that mediate neuron migration, differentiation and survival. Target tissue-derived nerve growth factor NGF signaling-induced gene expression is required for survival, differentiation and target tissue innervation of post-migratory sympathetic neurons. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms mediated by NGF signaling are very poorly defined. Here, we identify Egr3, a member of the early growth response Egr family of transcriptional Sympathetic Nervous System Essay, as having an important role in sympathetic nervous system development. Egr3 click here regulated by NGF signaling and it is expressed in sympathetic neurons during development when they depend upon NGF for survival and target tissue innervation.
Egr3-deficient mice have severe sympathetic target tissue innervation abnormalities and profound physiological dysautonomia. Unlike NGF, which is essential for sympathetic neuron survival and for axon branching within target tissues, Egr3 is required for normal terminal axon extension and branching, but not for neuron survival. The results indicate that Egr3 is a novel NGF signaling effector that regulates sympathetic neuron gene expression required for normal target tissue innervation and function. Egr3-deficient mice have a phenotype that is remarkably similar Sympathetic Nervous System Essay humans with sympathetic nervous system disease, raising the possibility that it may have a role in some forms of human dysautonomia,most of which have no known cause. A detailed understanding of the factors involved in establishing and maintaining the stability of sympathetic target tissue innervation is of considerable importance because the SNS is the target of a wide variety of debilitating developmental and degenerative diseases in many vertebrate species, including humans.
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Many molecules are known to have important roles in sympathoadrenal precursor migration, phenotype specification and target tissue innervation during development. For example, migration of sympathoadrenal precursors from the neural crest is dependent upon signaling through Erbb2, Erbb3 Britsch et al. In addition, specification of the noradrenergic phenotype of post-migratory sympathoadrenal precursors depends upon diffusible factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins BMPs and transcriptional regulators such as Mash1, Phox2a, Phox2b, Hand2 dHand and Gata3 for a review, see Goridis and Rohrer, ; Howard, To establish their connections in the periphery, sympathetic neuroblasts also require Sympathetic Nervous System Essay diffusible factors such as hepatocyte growth factor HGF Maina et al.
Of the diffusible factors known to be involved in establishing sympathetic neuron connections with peripheral target tissues, NGF has emerged as the most important. Its role in sympathetic neuron survival and differentiation has been known for many decades Levi-Montalcini and Cohen,but more recently, a particularly important role in terminal axon extension and branching during target tissue innervation has been identified Glebova and Ginty, NGF may Sympathetic Nervous System Essay Systej to facilitate axon extension and target tissue innervation by directly regulating neurofilament protein stabilization Veeranna Amin et al.
However,specific transcriptional regulators that control NGF-dependent gene expression during SNS development have not been well defined. Early growth response 1 Egr1 protein is among a relatively Systek number of transcriptional regulators induced by NGF signaling in sympathetic neurons Milbrandt, Disruption of Egr-mediated gene transcription using either a dominant-negative molecule Levkovitz et al.
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Similarly, antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of Egr1 protein translation inhibits neurite outgrowth, whereas overexpression of Egr1 enhances neurite outgrowth in N2A neuroblastoma cells Pignatelli et al. Thus, it is surprising that Egr1-deficient mice develop normally and have Sympathetic Nervous System Essay apparent SNS abnormalities Lee et al. Here, we identify Egr3 as having an unexpected but important role in SNS development. Egr3-deficient mice exhibit sympathetic neuron loss, target tissue innervation defects and profound dysautonomia. Egr3 expression is induced by NGF signaling and it is upregulated in sympathetic neurons during a developmental period when NGF signaling is required for normal sympathetic neuron survival and target tissue innervation in vivo.
Thus, Egr3 appears to be a physiologically important effector of NGF signaling with an essential role in sympathetic neuron target tissue innervation and terminal axon branching. Perinatal and adult age weeks mice were used as indicated. S3 in the supplementary material and data not shown.
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Tissue preparation Embryos from timed pregnant females were isolated by Cesarean section. Postnatal mice were perfused through the heart with 0. Ganglion neuron counts and volume estimation SCG neuron numbers were determined using unbiased stereology and optical source methods StereoInvestigator, Microbrightfield on every fifth serial section from various developmental ages as previously described Albert et al.]
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