The Perception Of False Memory
We show here that two different stressors have the ability to alter such behaviours in our model system, Lymnaea stagnalis. One, a naturally occurring stressor— the scent of a predator crayfish — and the other an artificially controlled one — 25 mmoll—1 KCl —significantly alter adaptive behaviours. Both the KCl stressor and predator detection enhance long-term memory LTM formation; additionally predator detection alters vigilance behaviours.
The predator-induced changes in behaviour are also accompanied by specific and significant alterations in the electrophysiological properties of RPeD1 — a key neuron in mediating both vigilance behaviours and memory formation. Naive lab-bred snails exposed to crayfish effluent CE; i.
Original Research ARTICLE
Importantly, in the CE experiments we used laboratory-reared snails that have not been exposed to a naturally occurring predator for over generations. These data open a new avenue of research, which may allow a Falee investigation from the behavioral to the neuronal level as to how link stressful stimuli alter adaptive behaviours, including memory formation and recall. Since every organism internalizes and retains details of its surroundings to increase its chance of survival, it is not surprising that memory is demonstrated in all animals.
However, it is impractical to encode all events into memory. One very important factor that helps determine whether a specific Memkry will be encoded into memory is the level of stress of the organism at the time of the event. Because memory is dynamic, stress and traumatic events have substantial modulatory effects on memory, including false memory and post-traumatic stress syndrome Kim and Diamond, ; Lukowiak et al.
Introduction
These effects have been studied in a number of different model organisms, with sometimes contradictory results Shors, That is, in some instances memory is enhanced whilst in others its formation or its recall is blocked. Given the complexities of the vertebrate brain and animal behaviour, and the diverse ways stressors act on memory formation, disagreement in the literature is not surprising. The vast majority of the learning and memory studies involving Lymnaea have utilized laboratory-bred specimens of The Perception Of False Memory for reviews, see Benjamin et al.
Subsequently these were maintained at Vrije Universeit in Amsterdam and then distributed to various labs throughout the world. However, it is important to remember that in the wild, Lymnaearespond to a variety of predator-released kairomones a chemical secreted and released by an organism that, when detected by an organism of another species,evokes a response that adaptively favours the latter and, depending on the specific predator detected, utilize a functionally appropriate response e. Thus, snails follow the age-old axiom that the most effective way here avoid becoming prey is to avoid the predator. Here we tested whether lab-reared Lymnaea have maintained the ability to both detect and respond appropriately i.
Since the vast majority of previous reports e. Chivers et al. However, because we were using lab-bred snails we were able to surmount this problem. That is, in this conceptual scheme memory formation gets better with increasing stress, but only to a certain point: when levels of stress become too high, the ability to form memory decreases.
A similar curve right has been experimentally derived with increasing concentrations of KCl as a stressor in Lymnaea [reprinted from Martens et al. Martens et al.]
The authoritative message :), funny...
The made you do not turn back. That is made, is made.
I consider, that you are not right. I am assured. I suggest it to discuss.
Excuse for that I interfere … here recently. But this theme is very close to me. I can help with the answer.