Behaviorism[ edit ] This theoretical framework was developed in the early 20th century based on animal learning experiments by Ivan PavlovEdward ThorndikeEdward C. TolmanClark L. Hulland B. Many psychologists used these results to develop theories of human learning, but modern educators generally see behaviorism as one aspect of a holistic synthesis. Teaching in behaviorism has been linked to training, emphasizing the animal learning experiments.
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Since behaviorism consists of the view of teaching people how to do something with rewards and punishments, it is related to training people. Skinner wrote extensively on improvements of teaching based on his functional analysis of verbal behavior [52] [53] and wrote "The Technology of Teaching", [54] [55] an attempt to dispel the myths underlying contemporary education as well as promote his system he called programmed instruction. Ogden Lindsley developed a learning system, named Celeration, that was based on behavior analysis but that substantially differed from Keller's and Skinner's models.
Cognitivism[ edit ] Cognitive science underwent significant change in the s and s to the point that some described the period as a "cognitive revolution" particularly in reaction to behaviorism. It refers to learning as "all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used" by the human mind. The Cognitive concepts Information Communication Technology In Education working memory formerly known as short-term memory and long-term memory have been facilitated by research and technology from the field of Computer Science. Another major influence on the field of Cognitive Science is Noam Chomsky.
Today researchers are concentrating on topics like cognitive click to see moreinformation processingand Information Communication Technology In Education psychology.
These theoretical perspectives influence instructional design. The former focuses on the understanding of the thinking or cognitive processes of an individual while the latter includes social processes as influences in learning besides cognition.
This form of constructivism has a primary focus on how learners construct their own meaning from new information, as they interact with reality and with other learners who bring different perspectives. Under this framework the role of the teacher becomes that of a facilitator, providing guidance so that learners can construct their own knowledge. Constructivist educators must make sure that the prior learning experiences are appropriate and related to the concepts being taught. Jonassen suggests "well-structured" learning environments are useful for novice Information Communication Technology In Education and that "ill-structured" environments are only useful for more advanced learners. Educators utilizing a constructivist perspective may emphasize an active learning environment that may incorporate learner centered problem-based learningproject-based learningand inquiry-based learningideally involving real-world scenarios, in which students http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/stamps/loving-and-mildred-jeter-case-summary.php actively engaged in critical thinking activities.
An illustrative discussion and example can be found in the s deployment of constructivist cognitive learning in computer literacy, which involved programming as an instrument of learning. For example, "hybrid learning" or " blended learning " may refer to classroom aids and laptops, or may refer to approaches in which traditional classroom time is reduced but not eliminated, and is replaced with some online learning.
Examples are face-to-face discussion, online real-time live teacher instruction and feedback, Skype conversations, and chat rooms or virtual classrooms where everyone is online and working collaboratively at the same time. Since students are working collaboratively, synchronized learning helps students become more open-minded because they have to actively listen and learn from Information Communication Technology In Education peers.
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Synchronized learning fosters online awareness and improves many students' writing skills. At the professional educational level, training may include virtual operating rooms. Asynchronous learning is beneficial for students who have health problems or who have child care responsibilities.
They have the opportunity to complete their work in a low-stress Educcation and within a more flexible time frame. Being a non-traditional student, they can manage their source life and school with and still have the social aspect. Asynchronous collaborations allow the student to reach out for help when needed and provides helpful guidance, depending on how long it takes them to complete the assignment.
Many tools used for these courses are but not limited to: videos, class discussions, and group projects. Students have access to an incredible variety of enrichment courses in online learning, and still participate in college courses, internships, sports, or work and still graduate with their class.
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Linear learning[ edit ] Computer-based training CBT refers to self-paced learning activities delivered on a computer or handheld device such as a tablet or smartphone. Computer-based training is conceptually similar to web-based training WBTwhich is delivered via Internet using a web browser. Assessing learning in a CBT is often by assessments that can be easily scored by a computer such as multiple-choice questions, drag-and-drop, radio button, simulation Technolkgy other interactive means. Assessments are easily scored and recorded via online software, providing immediate end-user feedback and completion status. Users are often able to print completion records in the form of certificates.
CBTs can be a good alternative to printed learning materials since rich media, including videos or animations, can be embedded to enhance the learning. Typically, the creation of effective CBTs requires enormous resources. The software for developing CBTs is often more complex than a Information Communication Technology In Education matter expert or teacher is able Educatoin use.]
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