Black Death In The 16th Century Essay - theme
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Population figures for the indigenous people of the Americas prior to colonization have proven difficult to establish. Scholars rely on archaeological data and written records from European settlers. By the end of the 20th century most scholars gravitated toward an estimate of around 50 million—with some historians arguing for an estimate of million or more. In an effort to circumvent the hold the Ottoman Empire held on the overland trade routes to East Asia and the hold that the Aeterni regis granted to Portugal on maritime routes via the African coast and the Indian Ocean, the monarchs of the nascent Spanish Empire decided to fund Columbus' voyage in , which eventually led to the establishment of settler-colonial states and the migration of millions of Europeans to the Americas. The population of African and European peoples in the Americas grew steadily starting in , while at the same time the indigenous population began to plummet. Eurasian diseases such as influenza , pneumonic plagues , and smallpox devastated the Native Americans, who did not have immunity to them. Black Death In The 16th Century EssayNavigation menu
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a yard metre pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat and running between the wicketswhile the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket and dismiss each batter so they are "out". Means of dismissal include being bowledwhen the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat and before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with source ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles.
The game is adjudicated by two umpiresBlack Death In The 16th Century Essay by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information. Forms of cricket range from Twenty20with each team batting for a single innings of 20 oversto Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kitbut in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours.
In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string. The earliest reference to cricket is in South East England in the midth century. It spread globally with the expansion of the British Empirewith the first international matches in Black Death In The 16th Century Essay second half of the 19th century. The game's governing body is the International Cricket Council ICCwhich has over members, twelve of which are full members who play Test matches. The most successful side playing international cricket is Australiawhich has won seven One Day International trophies, including five World Cupsmore than any other country and has been the please click for source Test side more than any other country.
Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement; others include baseball which shares many similarities with cricket, both belonging in the more specific bat-and-ball games category [2]golfhockeytennissquashbadminton and table tennis. It is generally believed that cricket originated as a children's game in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the medieval period. The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land and the court heard the testimony of a year-old coronerJohn Derrickwho gave witness that: [6] [7] [8]. Being a scholler in the ffree schoole of Guldeford hee and diverse of his fellows Black Death In The 16th Century Essay runne and play there at creckett and other plaies. Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played c. One possible source for the sport's name is the Old English word " cryce " or " cricc " meaning a crutch or staff.
In Samuel Johnson 's Dictionaryhe derived cricket from " cryceSaxon, a stick". Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most runsthe early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects; the North American variant of cricket known as wicket retained many of these aspects. Inthe year Cotgrave's dictionary was published, ecclesiastical court records at Sidlesham in Sussex state that two parishioners, Bartholomew Wyatt and Richard Latter, failed to attend church on Easter Sunday because they were playing cricket.
They were fined 12 d each and ordered to do penance. Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century. According to the social historian Derek Birleythere was a "great upsurge of sport after the Restoration " in The patrons, and other players from the social class known as the " gentry ", began to classify themselves as " amateurs " [fn 1] to establish continue reading clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the working classeven to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities. The game underwent major development in the 18th century to become England's national sport.
This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal Black Death In The 16th Century Essay the bouncing ballit was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape.
The Hambledon Club was founded in the s and, for the next twenty years until the formation of Marylebone Cricket Club MCC and the opening of Lord's Old Ground inHambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point. New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket lbw. The 19th century saw Blaci bowling superseded by first roundarm and then overarm bowling. Both developments were controversial. The most famous player of the 19th century was W.
Gracewho started his long and influential career in It was especially during Black Death In The 16th Century Essay career of Grace that the distinction between amateurs and professionals became blurred by the existence of players like him who were nominally amateur but, in terms of their financial gain, de facto professional. Grace himself was said to have been paid more money for playing cricket than any professional. It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and Test level developed.
Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had Thr well established in Australia, the Caribbean, India, New Zealand, North America and South Africa. Inan English team made the first tour of Australia.]
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