The Political Mind George Lakoff Summary Video
Idea Framing, Metaphors, and Your Brain - George Lakoff The Political Mind George Lakoff Summary.The Political Mind George Lakoff Summary - for
Further information: Political geography of Nineteen Eighty-Four Three perpetually warring totalitarian superstates control the world in the novel: [28] Oceania ideology: Ingsoc , formerly known as English Socialism , whose core territories are "the Americas , the Atlantic Islands , including the British Isles , Australasia and the southern portion of Africa. The disputed area is where the superstates capture slave labour. Main article: The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism Many of Orwell's earlier writings clearly indicate that he originally welcomed the prospect of a Socialist revolution in Britain, and indeed hoped to himself take part in such a revolution. The concept of "English Socialism" first appeared in Orwell's " The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius ", where Orwell outlined a relatively humane revolution - establishing a revolutionary regime which "will shoot traitors, but give them a solemn trial beforehand, and occasionally acquit them" and which "will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly, but will interfere very little with the spoken and written word"; the "English Socialism" which Orwell foresaw in would even "abolish the House of Lords, but retain the Monarchy". However, at some time between and Orwell evidently became disillusioned and came to the conclusion that also his cherished English Socialism would be perverted into an oppressive totalitarian dictatorship, as bad as Stalin's Soviet Union. Such is the revolution described in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Winston Smith's memories and his reading of the proscribed book, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein , reveal that after the Second World War , the United Kingdom became involved in a war during the early s in which nuclear weapons destroyed hundreds of cities in Europe, western Russia and North America.
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At the University of Texas at AustinMarch Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution ; this view is most clearly set out in his books: [59] [60] The Selfish Genein which he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities". The Extended Phenotypein which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in[61] that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms.
Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/newspeak/miss-right-character-analysis.php considered niche construction to be a special The Political Mind George Lakoff Summary of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.
Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist W. Hamilton used gene-frequency analysis in his inclusive fitness theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism including close relatives. Similarly, Robert Triversthinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruismwhereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.
Wilson 's book The Social Conquest of Earth as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of evolution the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population.
Williams 's definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency". Advocates for higher levels of selection such as Richard LewontinDavid Sloan Wilsonand Elliott Sober suggest that there are many phenomena including altruism that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain.
Kaminand Richard C. When asked if Darwinism informs his everyday apprehension of life, Dawkins says, "In one way it does. My eyes are constantly wide open to the extraordinary fact of existence. Not just human existence but the existence of life and how this breathtakingly powerful process, which is natural selection, has managed to take the very simple facts of physics and chemistry and build them up to redwood trees and humans. That's never far from my thoughts, that sense of amazement.]
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