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Tax included. Shipping calculated at checkout. Quantity Quantity must be 1 or more Add to cart Adding product to your cart In recent years there has been an enormous interest among emerging and established artists in architecture of the modern period. Revisiting the Glass House explores the ways in which contemporary artists incorporate images of modern buildings in their work as a means to explore the utopian potential of architecture and to provide an antidote to the cynicism of our time. The book features painting, photography, video art, and other two-dimensional work by twenty-two artists from around the world whose engagement with architecture has more to do with ideas and ideals than with structure. The artists reimagine the iconic designs of architects such as Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, placing their buildings in unlikely locations and repurposing them for a new generation. Modernism In The Glass House

In fact, the use of fully glazed exteriors only became possible with advances in air conditioning technology and access to cheap and abundant energy, which came about in the midth century.

Modernism In The Glass House

As part of my research into sustainable architecture, I have examined the use of glass in buildings throughout Modernism In The Glass House. Above all, one thing is clear: if architects had paid more attention to the difficulties of building with glass, the great environmental damage wrought by modern glass skyscrapers could have been avoided. Heat and glare The United Nations Secretariat in New York, constructed between andwas the earliest example of a fully air conditioned tower with a glass curtain wall—followed shortly afterwards by Lever House on Park Avenue.

Glass architecture is remarkably wasteful. So why is there so much of it?

Air conditioning enabled the classic glass skyscraper to become a model for high rise office developments in cities across the world—even hot places such as Dubai and Sydney. They wanted to maintain the hot environment needed to sustain exotic plants, and devised a large repertoire of technical solutions to do so. Early central heating systems, which made use of steam or hot water, helped to keep the indoor atmosphere hot and humid. Glass was covered with insulation overnight to keep the warmth in, or used only on the south side together with better insulated walls, to take in and hold heat from Galss midday sun.

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Though recognized as a risky idea at the time, organizers decided to host the exhibition inside a giant glasshouse in the absence of a more practical alternative. To address concerns about overheating and exposing the exhibits to too much sunlight, Paxton adopted some of the few cooling methods available at Modernism In The Glass House time: shading, natural ventilation and eventually removing some sections of glass altogether. Several hundred large louvres were positioned inside the wall of the building, which had to be adjusted manually by attendants several times a day. Despite these precautions, overheating became a major issue over the summer ofand was the subject of frequent commentaries in the daily newspapers. An analysis of data recorded inside the Crystal Palace between May and October shows that the indoor temperature was extremely unstable.

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The building accentuated—rather than reduced—peak summer temperatures. This procedure was repeated several times before parts of the glazing were permanently replaced with canvas curtains, which could be opened and closed depending on how hot the sun was. Inn the Crystal Palace was re-erected as a popular leisure park on the outskirts Modernism In The Glass House London, these issues persisted—despite changes to the design which were intended to improve ventilation. Chicago glass These difficulties did not perturb developers in Chicago from building the first generation of highly glazed office buildings during the s and s.

Modernism In The Glass House

Famous Glass by influential architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, such as the Crown Hall or the Lakeshore Drive Apartmentswere also designed without air conditioning. Instead, these structures relied mainly on natural ventilation and shading to moderate indoor temperatures in summer. In the Crown Hall, each bay of the glass wall is equipped with iron flaps, which students and staff of the IIT School of Architecture had to manually adjust to create cross-ventilation. Blinds could also be drawn to prevent glare and reduce heat gains. Yet these methods could not achieve modern standards of comfort.

This building, and many others with similar features, were eventually retrofitted with air conditioning. Architects had to accept Modernism In The Glass House the indoor temperature would change according to the weather outside, and the people who used the buildings were careful to dress appropriately for the season.

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In some ways, these environments had more in common with the covered arcades and markets of the Victorian era, than the glass skyscrapers of the 21st century. Becoming climate conscious The reality is that the obvious shortcomings of glass buildings rarely received the attention they warranted. Some early critics raised objections. Perhaps the most outspoken was Swiss architect Le Corbusier, who in the late s launched an attack on the Modernism In The Glass House of the UN Secretariat, arguing that its large and unprotected glass surfaces were unsuitable for the climate of New York.

The Crystal Palace, in particular, was portrayed as a pristine icon of an emerging architecture of glass and iron. Yet in reality, much of the glass was covered with canvas to block out intense sunlight and heat.

Modernism In The Glass House

This story originally appeared on The Conversation. Design inspiration in your inbox.]

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