Essay On Urbanization And Suburbanization - agree
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Essay On Urbanization And Suburbanization Video
Urbanization Advantages and Disadvantages - Free Essay SampleSchool Quality and Property Values The American education system spans communities of extremely diverse populations, across many socio-economic and ethnic lines.
Standard models suggest and many have provided empirical evidence that housing prices have a correlation to this school quality. However, since these factors could be interrelated, to isolate and identify the actual effects of school quality on property values requires careful consideration of student, house, and neighborhood-specific attributes. It is also important to note how school quality is measured.
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With the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of and the shift away from using per pupil expenditures as a proxy for the quality of education, attention has been drawn to the use of standardized test scores as the marker of education quality. Recent literature Essay On Urbanization And Suburbanization the positive correlation of school performance on house prices, using basic hedonic models with added controls for test scores of local schools. However, in older papers, the authors have difficulties controlling for neighborhood characteristics that are correlated with the test scores and house prices. Black develops a http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/sociological-imagination-essay/summary-of-kelsens-pure-theory-of-law.php method for assessing school quality by using attendance district boundaries to account for neighborhood characteristics.
This method allows her to compare school to school differences in test scores with house prices.
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Crone uses a model on a full unrestricted sample that Essay On Urbanization And Suburbanization for testing of house price and test score relationships on both a school and district level. In http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/human-swimming/1998-singles-essays.php to Black, Crone argues that it is a district-wide educational quality, not individual school quality that affects house Suburbanizqtion. Despite using different methods, all three papers agree that a positive correlation exists between school test scores and housing prices. This district boundary is the line that separates the respective attendance areas of schools.
This line provides a discrete point at which standardized test scores should change. However, the line may run through continuous neighborhoods, allowing Black to compare any sudden jump in test scores with houses that are situated in similar neighborhoods.
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By using dummy variables to account specifically for the districts, Black avoids the omitted variable biases of property taxes, public goods, and http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/life-in-hell/life-in-nella-larsens-passing.php characteristics. Under the basic, unrestricted model, she must control separately for house level characteristics, distance from the CBD, in addition to other school quality characteristics, such as per-pupil expenditures.
Nevertheless, the crux of the problem involves the unobservable characteristics of a neighborhood. Black examines different subsets of her data, restricting the samples to houses nearer and nearer the boundary and increasing the probability that the houses on opposite sides of the boundary differ in only the elementary school quality. Her study reveals that if neighborhood characteristics are not carefully controlled, the marginal value of school quality as measured by test scores on housing prices will be overestimated.
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Black concludes that parents will pay higher house prices for better schools, but does not examine whether there exists a district level effect of school quality on prices. However, unlike Black, Crone argues that home buyers actually value local public education at the district level rather than the neighborhood school level.
While Black argues that differences on an individual school basis affect home prices, Crone claims otherwise.
Crone argues that for fifth grade test scores, differences are only significant on the district-level.]
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