He said that the world http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/human-swimming/flowers-for-algernon-quote-analysis.php was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards Civilsation spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress". The abstract noun "civilization", meaning "civilized condition", came in the s, again from French.
The first known use in French is inby Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeauand the first use in English is attributed to Adam Fergusonwho in his Essay on the History of Civil Society wrote, "Not only the individual advances from infancy OOf manhood but the species itself from rudeness to civilisation". In the late s and early s, during the French Revolution"civilization" was used in the singularnever in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole.
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This is still the case in French. Already in the 18th century, civilization was not always seen as an improvement. One historically important distinction between culture and civilization is from the writings of Rousseauparticularly his work about education, Emile. Here, Tagores Idea Of Civilisation Analysis, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with human natureand "human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or prerational natural unity" see noble savage.
From this, a new approach was developed, especially in Germany, first by Johann Gottfried Herder and later by philosophers such as Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. This sees Tagores Idea Of Civilisation Analysis check this out natural organisms, not defined by "conscious, rational, deliberative acts", but a kind of pre-rational "folk spirit". Civilization, in contrast, though more rational and more successful in material progress, is unnatural and leads to "vices of social life" such as guile, hypocrisy, envy and avarice.
Social scientists such as V. Gordon Childe have named a number of traits that distinguish a civilization from other kinds of society. Andrew Nikiforuk argues that "civilizations relied on shackled human muscle.
Compare and Contrast Greece and Rome
It took the energy of slaves to plant crops, clothe emperors, and build cities" and considers slavery to be a common feature Tagores Idea Of Civilisation Analysis pre-modern civilizations. It is possible but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilizations based on horticultural gardening have been very rare. A surplus of food permits some people to do things besides producing food for a living: early civilizations included soldiersartisanspriests and priestesses, and other people with specialized careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labour and a more diverse range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and perhaps during the Mesolithic Natufian culture. It is possible that food surpluses and relatively large scale social organization and division of labour predates plant and animal domestication.
The word "civilization" is sometimes simply defined as "'living in cities'". Compared with other societies, civilizations have a more complex political structure, namely the state. The ruling classnormally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises Tagores Idea Of Civilisation Analysis will through the actions of a government or bureaucracy.
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Morton Frieda conflict theorist and Elman Service Civiliation, an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and social inequality. This system of classification contains four categories [29] Hunter-gatherer bands, which are generally egalitarian.
Highly stratified structures, or chiefdomswith several inherited social classes: king, noble, freemen, serf and slave. Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments. Living in one place allows people to accumulate more personal possessions than nomadic people. Some people also acquire landed propertyor private ownership of the land. Because a percentage of people in civilizations do not grow their own food, they must trade their goods and services for food in a market system, or receive food through the levy of tributeredistributive taxationtariffs or tithes from the food producing segment of Tagores Idea Of Civilisation Analysis population.
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Early human cultures functioned through a gift economy supplemented by limited barter systems. By the early Iron Agecontemporary civilizations developed money as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions. In a village, the potter makes a pot for the brewer and the brewer compensates the potter by giving him a certain amount of beer.
In a city, the potter may need a new roof, the roofer may need new shoes, the cobbler may need new horseshoes, the blacksmith may need a new coat and the tanner may need a new pot. These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time.]
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