Seven Rays Theory: Basic Powers Of Consciousness - opinion
He became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen , an educated member of the petty nobility who had known Marx since childhood. As she had broken off her engagement with a young aristocrat to be with Marx, their relationship was socially controversial owing to the differences between their religious and class origins, but Marx befriended her father Ludwig von Westphalen a liberal aristocrat and later dedicated his doctoral thesis to him. Like Marx, the Young Hegelians were critical of Hegel's metaphysical assumptions, but adopted his dialectical method to criticise established society, politics and religion from a leftist perspective. Marx was also engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature , [54] which he completed in It was described as "a daring and original piece of work in which Marx set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy". Seven Rays Theory: Basic Powers Of ConsciousnessMain article: Nirvana The concept of nirvana is also present in older Indian religions, including Vedic cultureHinduism and Jainism.
It is also present Consciohsness Sikhism and Manichaenism. Etymology[ edit ] The origin of the term nirvana is probably pre-Buddhist. It generally describes a state of freedom from suffering and rebirth. Vetter translates this as "release of the heart" which means conquering desire thereby attaining a desire-less state of living.
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According to Collins"the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it nirvana. According to Gombrich, the number of three fires alludes to the three fires which a Brahmin had to keep alight, and thereby symbolise life in the world, as a family-man.
Not only passion, hatred and delusion were to be extinguished, but also all cankers asava or defilements khlesa. Cousins said that in popular usage nirvana was "the goal of Buddhist discipline, Relationship with ecstasy and bliss[ edit ] Nirvana is not necessarily SSeven to ecstasy or bliss, [web 11] although some commentators see such experiences as part of nirvana.
According to Collins, the term is also widely used as a verb, one therefore "nirvanizes. The cycle of rebirth and suffering continues until a being attains nirvana.
One requirement for ending this cycle is to extinguish the fires of attachment ragaaversion dvesha and ignorance moha or avidya. Kasulis mentions the Malunkyaputta sutta which denies any view about the existence of the Buddha after his final bodily death, all positions the Buddha exists after death, does not exist, both or neither are rejected. Stanislaw Schayera Polish scholar, argued in the s that the Nikayas preserve elements of an archaic form of Buddhism which is close to Brahmanical beliefs, [61] [62] [63] [64] and survived in the Mahayana tradition.
Falk, who held that the nirvanic element, as an "essence" or pure consciousness, is immanent within samsara. Lindtner, who argues that in precanonical Buddhism nirvana is As opposed to this world, it is a pleasant place to be in, it is sukha, things work well.
It was not a psychological idea or purely related to a being's inner world, but a concept described in terms of the world surrounding the being, cosmology and consciousness. According to Lindtner, this lead him to taking a "paradoxical" stance, for instance regarding nirvana, rejecting any positive description. There are two stages in nirvana, one in life, and one final nirvana upon death; the former is imprecise here general, the latter is precise and specific.
The nirvana-after-death, also called nirvana-without-substrate, is the complete cessation of everything, including consciousness and rebirth. This is the final nirvana, or parinirvana or "blowing out" at the moment of death, when there is no fuel left. Here, a monk is an arahant, one whose taints are destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached his own goal, utterly destroyed the fetters of existence, one completely liberated through final knowledge.]
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