Excellent: The Pros And Cons Of Overfishing The Oceans
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Bottom trawling is trawling towing a trawlwhich is a fishing net along the seafloor.
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It is also referred to as "dragging". The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean and demersal trawling is towing a net just above the benthic zone.
Bottom trawling can be contrasted with midwater trawling also known as pelagic trawlingwhere a net is towed higher in the water column. Midwater trawling catches pelagic fish such as anchoviesand mackerelwhereas bottom trawling targets both bottom-living fish groundfish and semi-pelagic species such as codsquidshrimpand rockfish. Trawling is done by a trawlerwhich can be a small open boat with only 30 hp 22 kW or a large factory trawler with 10, hp 7, kW.
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Bottom trawling can be carried out by one trawler or by two trawlers fishing cooperatively pair trawling. Global catch from bottom trawling has been estimated at over 30 million tonnes per year, an amount larger than any other fishing method.
An early reference to fishery conservation measures comes from a complaint about a form of trawling dating from the 14th century, during the reign of Edward III. A petition was presented to Parliament in calling for the prohibition of a "subtlety contrived instrument called the wondyrchoum ". This was an early beam trawl with a wooden beam, and consisted of a net 6 m 18 ft long and 3 m 10 ft wide.
The response from the Crown was to "let Commission be made by qualified persons to inquire and certify on the truth of this allegation, and thereon let right be done in the Court of Chancery ". Thus, already back in the Middle Ages, basic arguments about three of the most sensitive current issues surrounding trawling - the effect of trawling on the wider environment, the use of small mesh size, and of industrial fishing for animal feed - were already being raised. Until the late 18th century sailing vessels were only capable of towing small trawls.
However, in the closing years of that century a type of vessel emerged that was capable of towing a large trawl, in deeper The Pros And Cons Of Overfishing The Oceans. The development of this type of craft, the sailing trawler, is credited to the fishermen of Brixham in Devon. The new continue reading proved to be far more efficient than traditional long-lining. At first its use was confined to the western half of the English Channel, but as the Brixham men extended their range to the North Sea and Irish Sea it became the norm there too.
http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/sociological-imagination-essay/theories-of-conflict-theory-in-sport.php By the end of the 19th century there were more than 3, sailing trawlers in commission in UK waters and the practice had spread to neighbouring European countries. Despite the availability of steam, trawling under sail continued to be economically efficient, and sailing trawlers continued to be built until the middle of the s. English commissions in the 19th century determined that there should be no limitation on trawling.
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They believed that bottom trawling, like tilling of land, actually increased production. As evidence, they noted that a second trawler would often follow a first trawler, and that the second trawler would often harvest even more fish than the first. The reason for this peculiarity is that the destruction caused by the first trawl resulted in many dead and dying organisms, which temporarily attracted a large number of additional species to feed on this moribund mass. Bottom trawling does not only have a long tradition in European waters.]
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