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Cross-cultural perspectives[ edit ] In the s and s, many books and articles about women scientists were appearing; virtually all of the published sources ignored women of color and women outside of Europe and North America. According to academic Ann Hibner Koblitz : [6] Most work on women scientists has focused on the personalities and scientific subcultures of Western Europe and North America, and historians of women in science have implicitly or explicitly assumed that the observations made for those regions will hold true for the rest of the world. Koblitz has said that these generalizations about women in science often do not hold up cross-culturally: [7] A scientific or technical field that might be considered 'unwomanly' in one country in a given period may enjoy the participation of many women in a different historical period or in another country. An example is engineering, which in many countries is considered the exclusive domain of men, especially in usually prestigious subfields such as electrical or mechanical engineering. There are exceptions to this, however. Ancient history[ edit ] The involvement of women in the field of medicine has been recorded in several early civilizations. An ancient Egyptian physician, Merit-Ptah c. Recorded examples include Aglaonike , who predicted eclipses ; and Theano , mathematician and physician, who was a pupil possibly also wife of Pythagoras , and one of a school in Crotone founded by Pythagoras, which included many other women.
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In Aerodynamics, L. Clancy writes: "To distinguish it from the total and dynamic pressures, the actual pressure of the fluid, which is associated not with its motion but with its state, is often referred to as the static pressure, but where the term pressure alone is used it refers to this static pressure. The significance of Bernoulli's principle can now be summarized as "total pressure is constant along a streamline".
If the fluid flow is irrotationalthe total go here on every streamline is the same and Bernoulli's principle can be summarized as "total pressure is constant everywhere in the fluid flow".
Examples are aircraft in flight, and ships moving in open bodies of water. However, it is important to remember that Bernoulli's principle does not apply in the boundary layer or in fluid flow through long pipes. If the Temperature Change Lab Report flow at some point along a streamline is brought to rest, this point is called a stagnation point, and at this point the total pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure.
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Applicability of incompressible flow equation to flow of gases[ edit ] Bernoulli's equation is valid for ideal fluids: those that are incompressible, irrotational, inviscid, and subjected to conservative forces. It is sometimes valid for the flow of gases: provided that there is no transfer of kinetic or potential energy from the gas flow to the compression or expansion of the gas.
If both the gas pressure and volume change simultaneously, Repport work will be done on or by the gas. In this case, Bernoulli's equation — in its incompressible flow form — cannot be assumed to be valid. However, if the gas process is entirely isobaricor isochoricthen no work is done on or by the gas, so the simple energy balance is not upset.
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According to the gas law, an isobaric or isochoric process is ordinarily the only way to ensure constant density in a gas. Also the gas density will be proportional to the ratio of pressure and absolute temperaturehowever this ratio will vary upon compression or expansion, no matter what non-zero quantity of heat is added or removed. The only exception Temperature Change Lab Report if the net heat transfer is zero, as in a complete thermodynamic cycle, or in an individual isentropic frictionless adiabatic process, and even then this reversible process must be reversed, to restore the gas to the original pressure and specific volume, and thus density. Only then is the original, unmodified Bernoulli equation applicable.
In this case the equation can be Temperature Change Lab Report if the flow speed of here gas is sufficiently below the speed of soundsuch that the variation in density of the gas due to this effect along each streamline can be ignored. Adiabatic flow at less than Mach 0. Unsteady potential flow[ edit ] The Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow is used in the theory of ocean surface waves and acoustics.]
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