Opinion, you: How Did The Black Death Affect Society
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The black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. The term is based on an ancient saying that presumed black swans did not exist — a saying that became reinterpreted to teach a different lesson after the first European encounter with them. The theory was developed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb to explain:. Taleb's "black swan theory" refers only to unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence and their dominant role in history. Such events, considered extreme outliers , collectively play vastly larger roles than regular occurrences. The phrase "black swan" derives from a Latin expression; its oldest known occurrence is from the 2nd-century Roman poet Juvenal 's characterization in his Satire VI of something being " rara avis in terris nigroque simillima cygno " "a rare bird in the lands and very much like a black swan".How Did The Black Death Affect Society - impossible
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Societal collapse also known as civilizational collapse is the fall of a complex human society characterized by the loss of cultural identity and of socioeconomic complexity, the downfall of governmentand the rise of violence.
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A collapsed society may revert to a more primitive state, be absorbed into a stronger society, or completely disappear. Virtually all civilizations have suffered this fate regardless of size or complexity. But some revived and transformed, such as China and Egypt, while others never recovered, such as the Mayan Empire and the civilization on Easter Island. Anthropologists, quantitative historians, and sociologists have proposed a go here of explanations for the collapse of civilizations involving causative factors such as environmental change, depletion of resources, unsustainable complexity, decay of social cohesion, rising inequality, secular decline of cognitive abilities, loss of creativity, and misfortune.
The study of societal collapse, collapsologyis a topic for specialists of historyanthropologysociologyand political science. More recently, they are joined by experts in cliodynamics and study of complex systems. Joseph Tainter frames societal collapse in his The Collapse of Complex Societieswhich is a seminal and founding work of the academic discipline on societal collapse. Others, particularly in response to the popular Collapse by Jared Diamond [10] and more recently, have argued that societies discussed as cases of collapse are better understood through resilience and societal transformation[11] or "reorganization", especially if collapse is understood as a "complete source of political systems, which according to Shmuel Eisenstadt has not taken place at any point.
Social scientist Luke Kemp analyzed dozens of civilizations—which he defined as "a society with agriculture, multiple cities, military dominance in its geographical region and a continuous political structure"—from B. A statistical analysis of empires How Did The Black Death Affect Society complex systems specialist Samuel Arbesman suggests that collapse is generally a http://pinsoftek.com/wp-content/custom/sociological-imagination-essay/joey-black-case-study-nursing.php event and does not depend on age.
This is analogous to what evolutionary biologists call the Red Queen Hypothesiswhich asserts that for a species in a harsh ecology, extinction is a persistent possibility.
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Contemporary discussions about societal collapse are seeking resilience by suggesting societal transformation. Because human societies are complex systems, common factors that may contribute to their decline—economical, environmental, demographic, social Didd cultural—can cascade into another, building up to the point that could overwhelm any mechanisms that would otherwise maintain stability. Unexpected and abrupt changes, what experts call non-linearitiesare some of the danger signs. Other factors such as a Malthusian catastropheoverpopulation or resource depletion might be contributory factors of collapse, but studies of past societies seem to suggest they alone were not the causes of collapse.
The diversity of forms that societies evolve corresponds to diversity in their failures. Any society has periods of prosperity and hardship. But when decline from the height of civilization is so dramatic, one can safely talk about its having collapsed. Archeologists identified signs of a mega-drought for a millennium between 5, and 4, years ago in Africa and Asia.
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The drying of the Green Sahara not only turned it into a desert but also disrupted the monsoon seasons in South and Southeast Asia and caused flooding in East Asia, thereby preventing successful harvest and the development of complex culture. It coincided and may have caused the decline and fall of the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The highly advanced Indus Valley Civilization took roots around B.]
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