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Egypt[ edit ] Homosexuality in ancient Egypt is a passionately disputed subject within Egyptology : historians and egyptologists alike debate what kind of view the Ancient Egyptians society fostered about homosexuality.

Homosexuality In English Literature

Only a handful of direct hints have survived to this day and many possible indications are only vague and offer plenty of room for speculation. The best known case of possible homosexuality in Ancient Egypt is that of the two high officials Nyankh-Khnum and Khnum-hotep. Both men lived and served under pharaoh Niuserre during the 5th Dynasty c.

Homosexuality In English Literature

In this mastaba, several paintings depict both men embracing each other and touching their faces nose-on-nose. These depictions leave plenty of room for speculation, because in Ancient Egypt the nose-on-nose touching normally represented Homosexuality In English Literature kiss. Some scholars believe that the paintings reflect an example of homosexuality between two married men and prove that the Ancient Egyptians accepted same-sex relationships. No matter what interpretation is correct, the paintings show at the very least that Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep must have been very close to each other in life as in death.

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Any document and literature that actually contains sexually orientated stories never name the nature of the sexual deeds, but instead uses stilted and flowery paraphrases. While the stories about Seth and his sexual behavior may reveal rather negative thoughts and views, the tomb inscription of Nyankh-khnum and Khnum-hotep may instead suggest that homosexuality was likewise accepted. Ancient Egyptian documents never clearly say that same-sex relationships were seen as reprehensible or despicable. And no Ancient Egyptian document Homosexuality In English Literature that homosexual acts were set under penalty. Thus, a straight evaluation remains problematic. Albeit not as commonly, it also occurs among the Galla [Oromo] and Somal[i].

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More recently, Gamst reported homosexual relations among shepherd boys of the Cushitic-speaking Qemant Kemant of central Ethiopia. Cross-gender homosexuality not tied to possession cults has been reported in a number of East African societies. Needham described a religious leadership role called mugawe among the Meru of Kenya which includes wearing women's clothes and hairstyle. Mugawe are frequently homosexual, and sometimes are married to a man. Bryk reported active i. Historiographic considerations[ edit ] The term homosexuality was invented in the 19th century, with the term heterosexuality invented later in the same century to contrast with the earlier term.

The term bisexuality was invented in the 20th century as sexual identities became defined by the predominate sex to which people are attracted and thus a label was needed for those who are not predominantly attracted to one sex. Historical personalities are often described using modern sexual identity terms such as straight, bisexualgay or queer. Those who favour the practice say that this can highlight such issues as discriminatory historiography by, for example, putting into relief the extent to which same-sex sexual experiences are excluded from biographies of noted figures, or to which sensibilities resulting from same-sex attraction are excluded Homosexuality In English Literature literary and artistic consideration of important works, and so on.

As well as that, an opposite situation is possible in the modern society: some Homosexuality In English Literature researchers stick to the homosexual theories, excluding other possibilities. However, many, especially in the academic world, regard the use of modern labels as problematic, owing to differences in the ways that different societies constructed sexual orientation identities and to the connotations of modern words like queer.

For example, in many societies same-sex sex acts were expected, or completely ignored, and no identity was constructed on their basis at all. Academic works usually specify which words will be Homosexuality In English Literature and in which context. Readers are cautioned to avoid making assumptions about the identity of historical figures based on the use of the terms mentioned above. Main article: Homosexuality in ancient Greece Greek men had great latitude in their sexual expression, but their wives were severely restricted and could hardly move about the town unsupervised if she was old enough that people would Homosexuality In English Literature whose mother she was, not whose wife she was.

Though slave boys could be bought, free boys had to be courted, and ancient materials suggest that the father also had to consent to the relationship. Such relationships did not replace marriage between man and woman, this web page occurred before and during the marriage.

Homosexuality In English Literature

A mature man would not usually have a mature male mate, but there were exceptions among whom Alexander the Great He would be the erastes lover to a young eromenos loved one. Dover read more that it was considered improper for the eromenos to feel desire, as that would not be masculine. Driven by desire and admiration, the erastes would Homosexuality In English Literature himself unselfishly by providing all the education his eromenos required to thrive in society. In recent times, Dover's theory suggests that questioned in light of massive evidence of ancient art and love poetry, a more emotional connection than earlier researchers liked to acknowledge.]

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