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Health Stigma and Discrimination: A Global, Cross-cutting Research ApproachExplain Two Alternative Frameworks For Understanding Mental - opinion you
Transgender people have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from the sex that they were assigned at birth. Being transgender is distinct from sexual orientation. The term transgender is also distinguished from intersex , a term that describes people born with physical sex characteristics "that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". The degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity has been called transgender congruence. Many transgender people face discrimination in the workplace [17] and in accessing public accommodations [18] and healthcare. Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University coined the term transgender in his reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology , [23] writing that the term which had previously been used, transsexualism , "is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. By , the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which transgender was used as an umbrella term. Between the mids and the early s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" FtM for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" MtF for women who transitioned from male to female. Explain Two Alternative Frameworks For Understanding Mental
Mindfulness is the practice of purposely bringing one's attention in the present moment without judgment, [1] [2] [note 1] [3] [4] a skill one develops through meditation or other training. Davidson[19] [20] [21] and Sam Harris. Clinical psychology and psychiatry since the s have developed a number of therapeutic applications based on mindfulness for helping people experiencing a variety of psychological conditions. Clinical studies have documented both physical- and mental-health benefits of mindfulness in different patient categories as well as in healthy adults and children. There is also evidence that suggests engaging in mindfulness meditation may influence physical health.
For example, the psychological habit of repeatedly dwelling on stressful thoughts appears to intensify the physiological effects of the stressor as a result of the continual activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis with the potential to lead to physical health related clinical manifestations.
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However, critics have questioned both the commercialization and the over- marketing of mindfulness for health benefits—as well as emphasizing the need for more randomized controlled studies, for more methodological details in reported studies and for the use of larger sample-sizes. Mindfulness practice involves the process of developing the skill of bringing one's attention to whatever is happening in the present moment. There are several exercises designed to develop mindfulness meditation, which may be aided by guided meditations "to get the hang of it". Meditators are recommended to start with short periods of 10 minutes or so of meditation practice per day. As Alternztive practices regularly, it becomes easier to keep the attention focused on breathing.
In a Buddhist context the keeping of moral precepts is an essential Fameworks stage for mindfulness or meditation. Mindfulness meditation is part of Buddhist psychological traditions and the developing scholarship within empirical psychology. It is often translated as "bare attention", but in the Buddhist tradition it has a broader meaning and application, and the meaning of these terms has been the topic of extensive debate and discussion. According to Bryan Levman, "the word sati incorporates the meaning of 'memory' and 'remembrance' in much of its usage in both the suttas and the [traditional Buddhist] commentary, and The term sati also means "to remember".
Sharf further notes that this has little to do with "bare attention", the popular contemporary interpretation of sati"since it entails, among other things, the proper discrimination of the moral valence of phenomena as they arise. Georges Dreyfus has also expressed unease with the definition Understxnding mindfulness as "bare attention" or "nonelaborative, nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness", stressing that mindfulness in a Buddhist context also means "remembering", which indicates that the function of mindfulness also includes the retention of information.
Sharf notes that Buddhist practice is aimed at the attainment of "correct view", not just "bare attention". Explain Two Alternative Frameworks For Understanding Mentalquoting Shantideva and other sources, stresses that mindfulness is constituted by the union of two functions, calling to mind and vigilantly retaining in mind.
He demonstrates that there is a direct connection between the practice of mindfulness and the cultivation of morality—at least in the context of Buddhism, from which modern interpretations of mindfulness are stemming. John D. A number of Buddhist scholars have started trying to establish "retention" as the preferred alternative. Hayes and G. Feldman have highlighted that mindfulness can Foe seen as a strategy that stands in contrast to a strategy of avoidance of emotion on the one hand and to the Perseus Essays of emotional over-engagement on the other hand.
According to Brown, Ryan, and Creswell, definitions of mindfulness are typically selectively interpreted based on who is studying it and how it is applied. Some have viewed mindfulness as a mental state, while others have viewed it as a set of skills and techniques.
According Alterative David S. Black, whereas "mindfulness" originally was associated with esoteric beliefs and religion, and "a capacity attainable only by certain people", [92] scientific researchers have translated the term into measurable terms, providing a valid operational definition of mindfulness. A quality of consciousness manifest in, but not isomorphic Alternatlve, the activities through which it is enhanced.
Several mindfulness measures have been developed which are based on self-reporting of trait-like constructs: [99]. According to Bishop, et alia, mindfulness is, "A kind of nonelaborative, nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness in which each thought, feeling, or sensation that arises in the attentional field is acknowledged and accepted as it is.
According to Steven F. Hick, mindfulness practice involves both formal and informal meditation practices, and nonmeditation-based exercises. Since the s, most books on meditation use definitions of mindfulness similar Explain Two Alternative Frameworks For Understanding Mental Jon Kabat-Zinn 's definition as "present moment awareness". However, recently a number of teachers of meditation read more proposed quite different definitions of mindfulness.]
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